dd

d ddd

rrrrrr

保密政策

2024年9月18日

BBC在提供服务时最关注的是妥善保护你和你家人的个人资料。

为了可以向你提供BBC的所有服务，我们有时候须要搜集一些有关你的资料。

你向我们提供这些资料时，我们有法律责任必须按照所有有关保护个人资料的英国法律的要求使用你提供的资料。这包括《1998年信息保护法》。

网站内有一些连接到BBC以外网站的链接。BBC不为非BBC网站的内容负责。你使用这些网站，一切风险自负。

BBC会收集哪些有关我的资料？

当你参加BBC的活动或表示希望得到其服务时（例如：订閱通讯；参加比赛、网上交谈或留言板），我们可能要求得到有关你的个人信息。这些资料可能包括你的姓名、电邮地址、邮寄地址、电话及/或手机号码，以及出生日期等。

同样的，我们也会收集IP地址（IP address：这是每一台电脑或网络设备独有的辨别号码）。

我们使用分析软件，仔细了解用户的IP地址和cookies，以便改善我们为各位提供的服务。这些信息不是为了组建有关用户的个人档案。这些数据库纪录会经常清除。

我们也会利用你的IP地址来了解你是否在英国或英国以外地区到访我们的网站。

如果你年龄未满16岁，请先取得你的家长/监护人的同意，以决定你是否可以向BBC的网站提供个人资料。没有这种许可的用户将不能向我们提供个人资料。

BBC将如何使用那些收集所得的有关我的资料？

BBC只会在一些特定情况下使用你的个人资料，其中包括“服务管理”。这就是说，BBC可能就你要求得到的服务与你联络。

除非法律有所要求，或者法律容许，否则，我们将把你的信息保密。

如果你在BBC网站任何方面或者向BBC网站任何方面发送或发表冒犯他人、不适当或令人反感的材料，又或者你在BBC网站上捣乱，BBC有权利用你的个人资料停止这类行为。

BBC会保留我的个人资料多久？

我们将按照有关服务所需，在系统中保留你的个人资料。如果你曾向BBC的网站提供材料，这些材料只会保留至符合你提供材料的目的的合理长度。

如欲全面了解BBC保密政策的最新情况，请参閱BBC英语部的资料： http://www.bbc.co.uk/privacy。

使用條款（英語）

2017年1月18日

About the terms

Access to and use of 'BBCChinese.com' both within the UK and internationally is provided by the BBC (international users of the site may see some advertising on certain pages which is provided by the BBC's commercial arm, BBC Worldwide Limited ("BBCW")) on the following terms:

1. By using BBCChinese.com you agree to be bound by these terms, which shall take effect immediately on your first use of BBCChinese.com. If you do not agree to be bound by all of the following terms please do not access, use and/or contribute to BBCChinese.com.

2. The BBC may change these terms from time to time and so you should check these terms regularly. Your continued use of BBCChinese.com will be deemed acceptance of the updated or amended terms. If you do not agree to the changes, you should cease using this website. If there is any conflict between these terms and specific local terms appearing elsewhere on BBCChinese.com (including house rules) then the latter shall prevail.

Use of BBCChinese.com

3. You agree to use BBCChinese.com only for lawful purposes, and in a way that does not infringe the rights of, restrict or inhibit anyone else's use and enjoyment of BBCChinese.com. Prohibited behaviour includes harassing or causing distress or inconvenience to any person, transmitting obscene or offensive content or disrupting the normal flow of dialogue within BBCChinese.com.

Intellectual Property

4. All copyright, trade marks, design rights, patents and other intellectual property rights (registered and unregistered) in and on BBCChinese.com and all content (including all applications) located on the site shall remain vested in the BBC or its licensors (which includes other users). You may not copy, reproduce, republish, disassemble, decompile, reverse engineer, download, post, broadcast, transmit, make available to the public, or otherwise use BBCChinese.com content in any way except for your own personal, non-commercial use. You also agree not to adapt, alter or create a derivative work from any BBCChinese.com content except for your own personal, non-commercial use. Any other use of BBCChinese.com content requires the prior written permission of the BBC.

5. The names, images and logos identifying the BBC, BBCW or third parties and their products and services are subject to copyright, design rights and trade marks of the BBC, BBCW and/or third parties. Nothing contained in these terms shall be construed as conferring any licence or right to use any trade mark, design right or copyright of the BBC, BBCW or any other third party.

Contributions to the BBC

6. By sharing any contribution (including any text, photographs, graphics, video or audio) with the BBC you agree to grant to the BBC, free of charge, permission to use the material in any way it wants (including modifying and adapting it for operational and editorial reasons) for BBC services in any media worldwide (including on the BBC's site accessed by international users). In certain circumstance the BBC may also share your contribution with trusted third parties*.

7. Copyright in your contribution will remain with you and this permission is not exclusive, so you can continue to use the material in any way including allowing others to use it.

8. In order that the BBC can use your contribution, you confirm that your contribution is your own original work, is not defamatory and does not infringe any UK laws, that you have the right to give the BBC permission to use it for the purposes specified above, and that you have the consent of anyone who is identifiable in your contribution or the consent of their parent / guardian if they are under 16.

9. We normally show your name with your contribution, unless you request otherwise, but for operational reasons this is not always possible. The BBC may need to contact you for administrative or verification purposes in relation to your contribution, or in relation to particular projects. For full details of when and how we may contact you please see the BBC's Privacy Policy plus any local terms where applicable.

10. Please do not endanger yourself or others, take any unnecessary risks or break any laws when creating content you may share with the BBC.

11. If you do not want to grant the BBC the permission set out above on these terms, please do not submit or share your contribution to or with BBCChinese.com. *In the case of news-related material please note that this may be shared with the BBC's overseas partners; these are all reputable foreign news broadcasters who are prohibited from altering the material in any way or providing it to other UK broadcasters or to the print media.

12. If you have any questions about contributing content to the BBC, please see our FAQs.

BBCChinese.com communities

13. In order to participate in and contribute to selected BBCChinese.com communities you may be required to register with BBCChinese.com. Any personal information supplied to BBCChinese.com as part of this registration process and/or any other interaction with BBCChinese.com will be collected, stored and used in accordance with the BBC Privacy Policy.

14. You agree to use BBCChinese.com communities (including message boards) in accordance with the following Community Rules. These apply across all BBCChinese.com community sites and services. You should, however, read the local house rules of the particular site or service you're using, as there may be some local variations to theseCommunity Rules.

(i) About your posts:

Contributions must be civil and tasteful.

No disruptive, offensive or abusive behaviour: contributions must be constructive and polite, not mean-spirited or contributed with the intention of causing trouble.

No unlawful or objectionable content: unlawful, harassing, defamatory, abusive, threatening, harmful, obscene, profane, sexually oriented, racially offensive or otherwise objectionable material is not acceptable.

Be patient: users of all ages and abilities may be taking part in the relevant BBCChinese.com community.

No spamming or off-topic material: we don't allow the submission of the same or very similar contributions many times. Please don't re-submit your contribution to more than one discussion, or contribute off-topic material in subject-specific areas.

No advertising or promoting.

No spoilers: material which contains plot developments which haven't been transmitted on UK television will be deleted unless submitted in a designated 'spoilers' area or marked as a 'spoiler'.

Contributions containing languages other than English may be removed unless allowed in the relevant local house rules.

No impersonation.

No inappropriate (e.g. vulgar, offensive etc) user names.

URLs (web site addresses) can only be posted if allowed under any relevant local house rules.

Deliberate misuse of the complaints facility is not permitted. If you persist in doing this, action may be taken against your account.

(ii) Your BBC Account:

If you use multiple logins for the purpose of disrupting a community or annoying other users you may have action taken against all of your accounts.

All accounts must be registered with a valid personal email address that you access regularly so that moderation emails can be sent to you. Accounts registered with someone else's email address, or with temporary email addresses may be closed without notice. We may require users to re-validate their account if we believe they have been using an invalid email address.

The BBC reserves the right to close accounts if any user is seen to be using proxy IPs (Internet Protocol addresses) in order to attempt to hide the use of multiple BBC accounts, or if an non UK user pretends to be a UK user, or disrupts any of our services in any way.

(iii) Safety:

We advise that you never reveal any personal information about yourself or anyone else (for example: telephone number, postal address, home address or email address or any other details that would allow you to be personally identified) in any BBC community.

(iv) Legal requirements:

You may not submit or share any defamatory or illegal material of any nature in BBCChinese.com communities. This includes text, graphics, video, programs or audio.

Contributing material to a BBCChinese.com community with the intention of committing or promoting an illegal act is strictly prohibited.

You agree to submit to or share with BBCChinese.com communities only contributions which are your own original work. You must not violate, plagiarise, or infringe the rights of the BBC or third parties including copyright, trade mark, trade secrets, privacy, publicity, personal or proprietary rights.

(v) If you're under 16:

Please get a parent's or guardian's permission before taking part in any BBCChinese.com community.

Never reveal any personal information about yourself or anyone else (for example, school, telephone number, your full name, home address or email address).

(vi) If you breach these Community Rules:

If you fail to abide by these Community Rules (and/or any variations in relevant local house rules) when taking part in a BBCChinese.com community, you will be sent an email which informs you why your contribution has been refused or edited. This email will also include a warning that continuing to break the rules may result in action being taken against your account or accounts.

This action may include any content posted by you being checked before allowed to go on the site or a temporary or permanent suspension of your ability to participate in any or all of BBCChinese.com community areas.

If you submit or share offensive or inappropriate content to or with any BBCChinese.com communities or anywhere else on BBCChinese.com or otherwise engage in any disruptive behaviour on BBCChinese.com, and the BBC considers such behaviour to be serious and/or repeated, the BBC may use whatever information that is available to it about you to stop any further such infringements. This may include informing relevant third parties such as your employer, school or email provider about the infringement(s).

The BBC reserves the right to delete any contribution, or take action against any BBC account, at any time, for any reason.

Disclaimers and Limitation of Liability

15. The majority of content posted in BBCChinese.com communities is created by members of the public. The views expressed are theirs and unless specifically stated are not those of the BBC or BBCW. Neither the BBC nor BBCW are responsible for any content posted by members of the public on BBCChinese.com or for the availability or content of any third party sites that are accessible through BBCChinese.com. Any links to third party websites from BBCChinese.com do not amount to any endorsement of that site by the BBC or BBCW and any use of that site by you is at your own risk.

16. BBCChinese.com content, including the information, names, images, pictures, logos and icons regarding or relating to the BBC and/or BBCW, its products and services (or to third party products and services), is provided "AS IS" and on an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. To the extent permitted by law, the BBC excludes all representations and warranties (whether express or implied by law), including the implied warranties of satisfactory quality, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, compatibility, security and accuracy. The BBC does not guarantee the timeliness, completeness or performance of the website or any of the content. While we try to ensure that all content provided by the BBC is correct at the time of publication no responsibility is accepted by or on behalf of the BBC for any errors, omissions or inaccurate content on the website.

17. Nothing in these terms limits or excludes the BBC's liability for death or personal injury caused by its proven negligence. Subject to the previous sentence, the BBC and/or BBCW shall not be liable for any of the following losses or damage (whether such damage or losses were foreseen, foreseeable, known or otherwise): (a) loss of data; (b) loss of revenue or anticipated profits; (c) loss of business; (d) loss of opportunity; (e) loss of goodwill or injury to reputation; (f) losses suffered by third parties; or (g) any indirect, consequential, special or exemplary damages arising from the use of BBCChinese.com regardless of the form of action.

18. The BBC and BBCW do not warrant that functions available on BBCChinese.com will be uninterrupted or error free, that defects will be corrected, or that BBCChinese.com or the server that makes it available are free of viruses or bugs. You acknowledge that it is your responsibility to implement sufficient procedures and virus checks (including anti-virus and other security checks) to satisfy your particular requirements for the accuracy of data input and output.

General

19. If any of these terms are determined to be illegal, invalid or otherwise unenforceable by reason of the laws of any state or country in which these terms are intended to be effective, then to the extent and within the jurisdiction in which that term is illegal, invalid or unenforceable, it shall be severed and deleted from these terms and the remaining terms shall survive and continue to be binding and enforceable.

20. The failure or delay of the BBC to exercise or enforce any right in these terms does not waive the BBC's right to enforce that right.

21. These terms shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of England and Wales which shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any disputes.

For the full and most up-to-date BBC Terms of Use, please check the main site in English: http://www.bbc.co.uk/terms/.

更多了解BBC如何为增进网络新闻的可信性和透明度而努力

2020年3月25日

The BBC is recognised by audiences in the UK and around the world as a provider of news that you can trust. Our website, like our TV and radio services, strives for journalism that is accurate, impartial, independent and fair.

Our editorial values say: "The trust that our audience has in all our content underpins everything that we do. We are independent, impartial and honest. We are committed to achieving the highest standards of accuracy and impartiality and strive to avoid knowingly or materially misleading our audiences.

"Our commitment to impartiality is at the heart of that relationship of trust. In all our output we will treat every subject with an impartiality that reflects the full range of views. We will consider all the relevant facts fairly and with an open mind."

We know that identifying credible journalism on the internet can be a confusing experience. We also know that audiences want to understand more about how BBC journalism is produced.

For these reasons, BBC News is making even greater efforts to explain what type of information you are reading or watching on our website, who and where the information is coming from, and how a story was crafted the way it was. By doing so, we can help you judge for yourself why BBC News can be trusted.

We are also making these indicators of trustworthy journalism "machine-readable", meaning that they can be picked up by search engines and social media platforms, helping them to better identify reliable sources of information too.

BEST PRACTICE

The BBC has long had its own Editorial Guidelines that apply to all of our content and set out the standards expected of our journalists. To make it easier to see how BBC guidelines are used in our newsroom, we have listed all the relevant sections on this page.

Mission Statement: The mission of the BBC is to act in the public interest, serving all audiences through the provision of impartial, high-quality and distinctive output and services that inform, educate and entertain. Full details are in the BBC Charter.

Ownership Structure, Funding and Grants: We are independent of outside interests and arrangements that could undermine our editorial integrity. Our audiences should be confident that our decisions are not influenced by outside interests, political or commercial pressures, or any personal interests. Learn more about how BBC News is funded, in the UK and internationally, in the BBC Charter on the independence of the BBC.

Founding Date: The BBC was founded on 18 October 1922. Read more about the history of the BBC.

Ethics Policy: The BBC's Editorial Guidelines outline the editorial values and practices that all our output is expected to conform to.

Other links:

Diversity Policy: Learn about BBC News' commitment to diversity in the BBC Charter.

Diversity Staffing Report: Find out about how BBC News is working to increase diversity in the BBC's Equality Information Report.

Corrections: The BBC is committed to achieving due accuracy. Policies relating to corrections can be found in the following sections of our Editorial Guidelines.

Our output must be well sourced, based on sound evidence, thoroughly tested and presented in clear, precise language. We should be honest and open about what we don't know and avoid unfounded speculation. Claims, allegations, material facts and other content that cannot be corroborated should normally be attributed.

We are open in acknowledging mistakes when they are made and encourage a culture of willingness to learn from them.

If an article has been edited since publication to correct a material inaccuracy, a note will be added at the end of the text to signal to the reader there has been an amendment or correction with the date of that change. If there is a small error in a story that does not alter its editorial meaning (eg name misspelling), the correction will be made without an additional note.

Unless content is specifically made available only for a limited time period, there is a presumption that material published online will become part of a permanently accessible archive and will not normally be removed. Exceptional circumstances may include legal reasons, personal safety risks, or a serious breach of editorial standards that cannot be rectified except by removal of the material.

Other links:

Verification/Fact-checking Standards: The BBC's accuracy and verification policy is outlined in the Editorial Guidelines on Accuracy.

Unnamed Sources: The BBC's policy and guidance on the use of anonymous sources is detailed in the Editorial Guidelines.

Other links:

Actionable Feedback: The BBC's complaints procedure is outlined in the BBC Complaints Framework.

Leadership: Meet the senior executive team that runs the news division: BBC News Board.

JOURNALIST EXPERTISE

BBC News articles based on original reporting carry bylines (the name of the journalist), as often do those authored by journalists who have a subject specialism.

General news stories, which tend to combine information from a variety of sources, including news agencies, BBC Newsgathering and BBC broadcast output, or which may have been produced by several members of staff over the course of the day, do not as a rule carry bylines.

TYPE OF WORK

BBC News distinguishes between factual reporting and opinion. We use machine-readable labels in six categories:

CITATIONS AND REFERENCES

Our output, as appropriate to its subject and nature, should be well sourced, based on sound evidence, thoroughly tested and presented in clear, precise language. We strive to be honest and open about what we don't know and avoid unfounded speculation.

Where BBC News relies on a single source for a key aspect of its coverage, we will strive to credit that source, where possible. We usually link to official reports, sets of statistics and other sources of information, to enable you to judge for yourself the underlying information that we are reporting on.

Whenever appropriate, we also offer links to relevant third-party websites that provide additional information, source material or informed comment.

METHODOLOGY

For in-depth pieces of work, such as complex investigations or data journalism projects, we will help you understand how we went about our work by showing the underlying data and by disclosing any caveats, assumptions or other methodological frameworks used – for example, the study-design; the sample size; representativeness; margins of error; how the data was collected; geographical relevance and time periods.

中国拟严限未成年人用手机 每天最多两小时

2023年8月2日

继2019年中国在短视频平台上线"青少年防沉迷系统"后，中国政府近日再计划推出新规，进一步扩大对未成年人玩手机的限制。

中国国家网信办周三（8月2日）表示，为切实强化未成年人网络保护，减少网络沉迷和不良信息影响，计划全面升级"青少年模式"为"未成年人模式"，使其覆盖范围由应用程序本身扩大至移动智能终端、应用商店。

这一限制也意味着针对未成年人防沉迷的限制将不仅限于网络游戏和短视频平台，还包括社交媒体、购物等其他应用程序。

在这一模式下，8岁以下用户每天使用智能手机的时间不得超过40分钟，8至16岁用户每天使用时间不得超过1小时，16至18岁用户每天使用时间不得超过2小时。

但家长拥有权力对限制进行"豁免"。

如果未成年人连续使用智能手机30分钟，设备还会发出警报，提示该休息了。

此外，每天22:00至6:00，未成年人将被禁止访问应用程序。

当局称，工具类、教育类和应急类的程序将除外。

美国硅谷的市场研究公司Constellation Research创始人兼总监王瑞光（Ray Wang）对BBC说，科技巨头可能会负责执行这些规则，就像此前针对网络游戏实施的限制措施一样。

“当然有绕开的办法。孩子可以获取父母设备的密码，但普遍的共识是游戏限制已经得到了相当好的执行。”他说。

该项目的意见反馈截止日期为2023年9月2日。不过，此消息一出，腾讯、阿里巴巴和哔哩哔哩等科技公司股价应声下跌。

中国近年持续打击青少年网络成瘾问题。2021年，当局针对网络游戏伸出重拳，规定未成年人每周玩游戏时间最多为3小时，并且只能在周末和节假日进行。一些官方媒体将网络游戏称为"精神鸦片"。

海拉：她的细胞被“盗用”到全世界，70年后终于达成和解协议

2023年8月2日

1951年，一位名叫亨丽埃塔·拉克斯（Henrietta Lacks）的非裔美国妇女的宫颈细胞在她不知情的情况下被采集，此后被广泛复制。时至今日，拉克斯的家人与一家生物技术公司达成和解。

拉克斯的细胞使医学取得巨大的进步，该细胞系仍在世界各地的研究机构中使用，许多人不知道的是它最初是在未经同意的情况下采集的。

拉克斯的家人从未得到任何赔偿，多年来一直在努力为细胞被“被盗用”一事讨回公道。

周一（7月31日），拉克斯的家人与总部位于马萨诸塞州的科技公司赛默飞世尔（Thermo Fisher）达成和解，但细节尚未公布。

1951年，时年31岁的拉克斯是一名来自马里兰州巴尔的摩市的母亲，她出现了腹部疼痛和异常出血的症状。约翰斯·霍普金斯医院（Johns Hopkins Hospital）的妇科医生对她进行检查，发现她患有子宫颈癌。

医生在没有通知她或征得她同意的情况下，便从她身上提取了癌细胞并送到实验室进行医学研究。

虽然几乎所有的细胞培养物在实验室中都很快死亡，但从拉克斯身上提取的细胞却继续繁殖，她的细胞发展成一个“永生”细胞系。

后来，该细胞系以拉克斯的姓和名简写命名为“海拉细胞”（HeLa），被送往世界各地的实验室。据世界卫生组织（WHO）称，海拉细胞推动了脊髓灰质炎疫苗的研制，并在艾滋病毒、癌症和不孕症研究方面取得进展。

但是，使这些细胞成为科学奇迹的特性，也使它们具有致命性。在被确诊几个月后，拉克斯死于癌症，年仅31岁。她被埋葬在一个没有标记的坟墓里。

直到几十年后，拉克斯一家才发现她的细胞被现代医学广泛使用。

在与赛默飞世尔的谈判中代表这家人的民权律师本·克兰普（Ben Crump）表示，医生的手术让拉克斯在生命最后的时间感到痛苦。

“对亨丽埃塔·拉克斯的剥削代表了黑人在历史上不幸的具有共性的挣扎，”诉状写道，“美国医学实验的历史充斥着医学种族主义。”

赛默飞世尔公司多次试图以诉讼时效法规为依据驳回此案。但拉克斯家族的律师表示，由于她的细胞仍被复制，因此尚未达到时效限制。

在周二的记者会上，克兰普表示双方都对和解感到“满意”：“我想不出比给她的家人一定程度的尊重，一定程度的尊严，最重要的是一定程度的正义更好的礼物了。”

2021年，世卫组织总干事谭德塞（Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus）向拉克斯的儿子颁发了一个特别奖项，以表彰她改变世界的遗产。

夏威夷山火：遇难者身份确认或需时数年，这是为什么？

2023年8月16日

一场毁灭性的野火席卷毛伊岛（Maui，茂宜岛）已将近一周，真正的死亡人数仍然未明确。

约1300名失踪人士的家属正焦急等待着，寻尸犬则在搜寻这片被烧成黑色的灾难地区。

已确认的死亡人数为101人，预计将会持续上升。夏威夷州州长乔什·格林（Josh Green）在周一（8月14日）表示，可能需要长达10天的时间才能得出准确数字，而调查人员找到的“可能是每天约10到20人，直到任务结束”。

据夏威夷紧急事务管理局（Hawaii Emergency Management Agency）的传播主任亚当·温特劳布（Adam Weintraub）称，截至8月15日，只有三具尸体已被确认身份。

遇难者身份鉴定专家向BBC表示，要给毛伊岛余下的罹难者对上名字，可能需时数月甚至数年。

考虑到破坏的严重程度，以及许多遗骸可能所处的状态，无论是寻找还是确认受害者身价都是艰巨的任务——紧急工作人员还形容为“极需要运气”。

周一，毛伊县警察局长约翰·佩勒蒂尔（John Pelletier）就实地情况的严酷作了描述。他告诉记者们：“你脱下衣服时，附在上面的不仅仅是灰尘，而是我们的亲人。”

“复杂的部分在于收集，”乔治·华盛顿大学的法医分子生物学副教授达尼埃里·波迪尼（Daniele Podini）说。

“找到合适的样本，辨认亲属，为所有失踪人员亲属建立数据库，然后将样本结果与数据库进行比对……是要一切事情的综合运作。”

渥太华大学的病理学和实验医学教授克里斯·米罗伊（Chris Milroy）表示，以夏威夷的情况来看，很多科学操作可能会因为该地区的破坏程度而变得复杂。

“（因为）发生了火灾，民事服务中断，你可能拿不到牙科纪录。有些纪录也可能在火灾中被毁了，”米罗伊说——他曾与英国警方及巴尔干地区战争罪行调查人员合作开展法医调查工作——“所以对很多人来说，这种方法可能行不通了。”

他还表示，高温可能会破坏一些遇难者的指纹。能让调查人员将一个人与医疗设备——比如人工髋关节或心脏起搏器等——进行匹配的任何文件，以及各种可以进行DNA采样的物品，也都可能遭遇同样的情况。

“你主要关注的很可能就是DNA，”他说，“但你还需要可供比对的人。但即使那样，也可能出现例如兄弟都死去了的情况。你可以证明他们是亲属，但你没有办法确定兄弟俩谁是谁，除非你有其他的环境证据。”

根据亲属的肉眼辨认身份被认为是不可靠的，通过遗骸附近发现的提包或钱包等个人物品来辨认也一样行不通。

“问题是物件可能混合，遗骸也可能是碎片，”米罗伊说，“而且因为大多数人（遗体）很可能被烧坏，可能会出现一个亲属走进去，因过程中太过崩溃以至于说是，但其实不是真的。所以科学方法还是更优选择。”

经过专门训练的寻尸犬在搜寻当中发挥着关键作用。这些狗能够在不增加破坏的情况下在废墟中穿行，并利用敏锐的嗅觉寻找人体遗骸——包括那些已经被烧成灰烬、肉眼难以察觉的遗骸。

虽然联邦应急管理署（FEMA）已经另外派出20只寻尸犬已到该区域，但是由于高温和需要休息时段，牠们每天可工作的时间受到限制。

虽然夏威夷面临着严峻的挑战，但是在大火和其他灾难发生后，受害者身份确认方面的长时间延迟并不属罕见。

例如在2017年，24层高的伦敦格兰菲尔塔（Grenfell Tower）大火之后，调查机构用了大约五个月的时间对那栋住宅楼中的全部72名遇难者进行身份确认。在目测可见的遗骸从现场被运出之后，调查人员开始使用小毛巾和网状过滤器来寻找更小且难以识别的人体遗骸碎片。

在美国，2001年的9·11袭击后从纽约世贸中心大楼废墟中找到的遗骸，身份确认至今仍在进行中。约有40%的遇难者遗骸仍未确认身份。

纽约雪城大学（Syracuse University）的法医科学家迈克·马尔西亚诺（Mike Marciano）表示，联邦和其他州份的资源很可能会对夏威夷的调查有用。

这可能包括来自美国武装部队DNA鉴定实验室的帮助，该实验室通常负责确认那些可追溯到二战时期的服役军人遗骸。该实验室在邻近奥胡岛上的珍珠港-希卡姆联合基地（Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam）有一座价值8000万美元（62.8万英镑）的设施。

他表示，即便如此，这仍然会是一个缓慢的过程。

“这个过程将远远不止几个星期，”他说，“我会说要几个月，但一切都取决于资源。”

“月球25”探测器坠毁 俄罗斯的太空雄心面临挑战

2023年8月21日

俄罗斯周日（8月20日）发布消息称，“月球25”号探测器偏离预定轨道，于月球表面坠毁，意味俄罗斯近半世纪以来首次探月任务宣告失败。

俄罗斯的航空工业多年来一直在衰退，1976年的“月球24”号任务是前苏联的最后一次月球采样返回任务，西方的制裁可能是部分原因。分析人士认为，“月球25”号的探月任务失败，意味着俄罗斯在太空探索领域的地位受到了威胁。

中美竞争激发太空科技投资

2023年9月26日

美国太空总署（NASA）署长比尔·纳尔逊（Bill Nelson）表示，美国正在“与中国处在重返月球的太空竞赛中”。

纳尔逊在接受BBC采访时表示，他想要确保“我们率先到达那里”。

他的言论唤起了1960和1970年代的回忆，当时美国太空总署与苏联展开太空竞赛。但是如今半个世纪过去了，美国太空总署有很多的工作已经是雇用私营企业来完成。

纳尔逊表示，这些公司至关重要，因为它们令巨额成本的分担得以实现，并且让太空总署可以利用“私营领域企业家的创造力”。

他提到伊隆·马斯克（Elon Musk）的太空探索技术公司（即SpaceX）。该公司在2021年获得了30亿美元（24亿英镑）的合同，用以建造月球登陆器，而且也开发了迄今为止最强大的火箭。

其他一些私营企业也感觉到了太空竞赛所带来的益处。今年早些时候，美国太空总署与杰夫·贝索斯（Jeff Bezos）的蓝色起源公司（Blue Origin）签署了一项34亿美元的协议——同样是要建造登陆器，但是将用于后续的月球登陆。

这只是受益于数十亿美元政府资金的其中两家公司而已。花费这些资金，至少在一定程度上是为了要在全球最大的两个经济体之间更广泛的紧张关系之下试图领先中国。

8月末，印度成为第四个在月球实现软着陆的国家，也是第一个到达月球南极地区的国家。

尽管印度取得了一些成功，但是美国太空总署最密切关注的还是中国的太空计划。

中国是唯一拥有自己太空站的国家，它已经将月球样本带回地球，并有计划抵达月球表面的两极地区。

这令纳尔逊感到担忧：“我担心的是，我们在月球南极发现了水，而中国到达那里，然后说这是我们的领地。你不能来这里，这是我们的。”

纳尔逊声称，中国通过建造人工岛来对南中国海部分区域宣示主权的举动，印证了他的担忧。

纳尔逊还指出，中国没有签署美国牵头的《阿尔忒弥斯协定》（Artemis Accords），该协定旨在成为太空和月球行动最佳的实践框架。

中国表示自己致力于和平探索太空，此前曾驳斥美国对其太空计划的担忧，称其为“构陷污蔑中国正常合理的外空事业”。

这场竞争推动了美国太空总署的巨额投资。该机构称，至2021年9月底前的一年，其支出对美国经济的贡献价值为712亿美元——比之前一年增长了10.7%。

在SpaceX这样的大公司吸引媒体关注的同时，美国太空总署的支出在经济领域触及的范围要更深远得多。

“我们开支的四分之一都会流向小型企业，”纳尔逊说。

美国太空总署前工程师、哈佛商学院现任航天经济学家西尼德·奥沙利文（Sinead O'Sullivan）指，这笔资金能够加速小型企业的发展，尤其是初创企业。

她表示，政府经常会作为初创企业的首个客户，而这些合同又能够让它们接触到私人投资者，进一步筹集到更多的资金。

奥沙利文女士表示：“我们经常谈论创业投资和私募股权，但是政府同样重要，甚至可能更重要。”

更多关于太空探索的报道：

重返月球的竞赛或许备受关注，但是它也已经帮助带动了其他一些利润高得多的太空活动的爆炸式增长。

1957年，苏联成为第一个将卫星送入轨道的国家，当时它与美国展开了最初的太空竞赛。据欧洲空间局（European Space Agency）称，现在有超过10500颗卫星绕地球运行。

投资公司“太空资本”（Space Capital）创始人查德·安德森（Chad Anderson）将过去十年的产业发展归功于SpaceX。

“我们现在将太空作为一种投资类别来谈论，唯一的原因就是SpaceX，”他说，“10多年前，在它们第一次商业飞行之前 ，整个市场都是由政府统领的。”

根据分析公司“布莱斯科技”（BryceTech）的数据，现在处在运行轨道上的卫星当中，有大约一半是在过去三年中发射的。

这主要归功于两家公司：OneWeb和伊隆·马斯克的星链（Starlink）。

“太空经济远比只是火箭和卫星硬件广泛得多。它是我们全球经济看不见的支柱，”安德森解释说。

他说，随着上轨道运行的卫星数量不断增加，越来越多的企业不断发现卫星提供数据的新用途，包括农业、保险和海事产业。

总部位于新西兰的火箭实验室公司（RocketLab）是太空经济的另一股重要力量。

作为SpaceX的竞争对手，该公司已经为包括美国太空总署和一些美国政府机构在内的客户完成了40次发射。

该公司创始人彼得·贝克（Peter Beck）从洗碗机工程师变成将火箭送入太空的人。他表示，说到地球之外的金融商机，这还只是冰山一角。

“发射是一个价值100亿美元的机会。然后有基础设施，比如建造卫星，这是一个价值约300亿美元的机会。然后又有应用，这是一个价值8300亿美元的机会。”

他并非是唯一提出大胆主张的人。美国投资银行摩根士丹利（Morgan Stanley）估算，全球太空产业到2040年可能增长至每年超过1万亿美元。

未来的太空飞行私营企业可能面临的是什么?

对于月球上的机会，特别是采矿业，贝克持谨慎态度。

“目前，去月球开采并将矿带回地球，在经济上是不可行的，”他说。

美国太空总署的比尔·纳尔逊则看到医学研究上的可能性。他提到了制药公司默克（Merck）于2019年在国际空间站上所进行的晶体增长研究，该研究有助于发展癌症治疗技术。

他还表示，在零重力状态下，或许能够更有效地制造光纤。

“最终，你将会看到近地轨道上有很多的商业活动。”